Ion substituted hydroxyapatite: composition, structure, physicochemical and biological properties
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
Abstract
This review systematizes current knowledge on the influence of ionic substitutions in the hydroxyapatite structure on its physicochemical and biological properties. The crystallochemical basis of isomorphism, charge compensation mechanisms, and technological approaches to the synthesis of substituted hydroxyapatite are considered. It is shown that the introduction of cations (Mg2+, Sr2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ag+) and anions (CO32ˉ, Si O44ˉ, Fˉ) enables targeted regulation of the solubility, osteoconductivity, antimicrobial, and angiogenic activity of the material. Particular attention is paid to biomimetic co-doping, which simulates the composition of native bone. The results of experimental in vitro and in vivo studies are summarized, including the use of Sr-hydroxyapatite for osteoporosis, Ag- and Cu-hydroxyapatite for infection prevention, and coatings based on substituted hydroxyapatite. The issues of thermal stability, ion release control, and translational disruption are discussed. A conclusion is reached regarding the transition of hydroxyapatite from an inert filler to an active therapeutic matrix in regenerative medicine.
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